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EMS 12-Leads – The Standard of Care

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I’m going to make a statement:

Every ambulance in the United States should have the capability to obtain a 12-lead EKG. Regardless of the service’s level of care, be it Basic, Intermediate, or Advanced Life Support, every ambulance should have the ability to get a 12-lead. There are no exceptions in my opinion. It is the standard of care and every ambulance should be able to do it.

In the last few years, the 12-lead EKG has not only revolutionized EMS care, it has influenced the care given throughout the entire healthcare system. Bringing it to the forefront of urgent and emergency care has helped not only save countless lives but also has improved the ongoing quality of life for countless patients. The 12-lead EKG provides invaluable insight into a patient’s true underlying medical complaint and is useful in diagnosing a whole host of potential medical conditions. If you are an EMT or paramedic, you should be able to obtain a 12-lead.

I’m saying this because right now in communities both urban and rural there are ambulances that still do not have this essentially lifesaving capability. The problem crosses all divisions in the level of care and there is no excuse for this fact. Obtaining a 12-lead is an essential piece of the diagnostic puzzle for many patients. It can make the difference between a proper diagnosis and misdiagnosis that can have a lasting detrimental effect on a person’s entire life. There are many solid positive reasons that support EMS agencies expending their critical resources to obtain this capability and few, if any reasons for them not to.

If your agency does not currently have the ability to acquire a 12-lead EKG, here are some reasons that you can take to the powers that be for your service or use as information to show your community for fundraising activities. In my opinion, these things help show the solid reasons why you should begin offering the service as soon as possible.

  1. Better knowledge drives better medical care – The most common EMS treatments for chest pain can mask essential diagnostic signs and symptoms that help pinpoint cardiac causes of the complaint. Things like Nitroglycerine, Oxygen, narcotic analgesics, and aspirin can normalize the waveform complexes on an EKG tracing after only a few minutes. EMS providers used to begin treating the symptoms of chest pain before acquiring a 12-lead when the technology was not widely available. This caused a broad cross section of patients who were truly experiencing a heart attack that needed to be treated emergently to have 12-lead tracings that were normal upon their acquisition in the ER. The ERs then needed to rely on the laboratory values of the patient’s cardiac enzyme markers to make a diagnosis. This often times added 12 to 24 hours to a patient’s time to proper diagnosis and sometimes resulted in a heart attack that was missed entirely. EMS 12-lead EKG acquisition helps change that. EMS providers can obtain a symptomatic 12-lead EKG at a patient’s first point of entry to the healthcare system when their symptoms are at their worst which will oftentimes show diagnostic information that 12-leads obtained later in their care will not. This exponentially increases the diagnostic sensitivity of the overall assessment of a patient and can change their entire path of care, resulting in more appropriate treatment being given sooner. This can save more of the patient’s heart tissue and increase their quality of life for the rest of their life. In addition, proper care can decrease a patient’s length of hospital stay, saving millions in healthcare costs when viewed as a sum total.

 

  1. 12-lead EKGs increase the safety of EMS care – Certain types of heart attacks such as ones occurring on the front, underside, and the right side of the heart can cause nitroglycerine administration to be dangerous. EMS providers of all levels give nitroglycerine for chest pain. However, when given to a patient experiencing a right-sided, inferior, or anterior heart attack that affects the right ventricle of the heart, nitroglycerine can cause a severe drop in a patient’s blood pressure that can prove detrimental or even fatal for some patients. A 12-lead EKG can pinpoint these types of heart attacks with a fairly high degree of sensitivity and can help prevent the harmful drop in blood pressure. Heart attack victims need nitroglycerine and like all medicines that can be harmful when not properly used, EMS providers need to be able to see the 12-lead and share it with physicians at the receiving hospital to increase patient safety. Increased safety equals better patient care, decreased liability, and better patient outcomes overall.

 

  1. If you can provide oxygen, you can take a 12-lead – All paramedic ambulances should be able to obtain a 12-lead EKG with no exceptions, however so should all ambulances of any level. EMT-Basics and EMT intermediates functioning on an ambulance service of any level should be able to get a 12-lead. The first arriving care providers who will be beginning treatment on a potential heart attack victim need to be able to obtain a symptomatic 12-lead. While BLS and ILS providers cannot and should not interpret the 12-lead EKG and should not change their care based upon it (unless ILS protocols allow), they may transmit the information to the receiving hospital and/or responding ALS intercept and may act upon the orders they receive from their medical control. Obtaining the symptomatic 12-lead is essential for proper diagnosis of heart attacks. The first arriving care provider needs to get one, regardless of their level of care.

 

  1. It can determine the proper hospital to take a patient – Patients having heart attacks need hospitals that can take care of them. The current gold standard of heart attack care is generally agreed upon by physicians to be “Percutaneous Coronary Intervention” (PCI), also known as a “Cardiac Cath.” This is a surgical procedure where an interventional cardiologist threads a tool into the arteries that feed a patient’s heart through the vessels in their leg. The cardiologist can then open a blocked coronary artery and allow the area of the heart being damaged by the heart attack to receive blood flow again. The sooner this is done, the better. A symptomatic 12-lead EKG obtained by EMS can make the difference between a patient being transported to a patient where this surgery can be immediately performed rather than to a hospital that may not have this capability or does not have it immediately available. This makes the difference between immediately appropriate treatment that saves both lives and heart tissue and treatment that may not be the best for the patient. Inappropriate treatment costs a lot more money when it results in a patient needing transport from a facility that cannot properly care for them to one that does.

These are just some of the reasons that all ambulance services of any level should be able to obtain 12-lead EKGs in the field. It is an essentially lifesaving tool and is the standard of care. There are few, if any dangers or drawbacks to using the tool and multiple strongly supported reasons to do so. EMTs and Paramedics that do not currently have the capability should get it as soon as possible, and the communities that they serve should support them with the funding and resources to do so. The medical directors of communities where EMS 12-lead acquisition is not currently possible should write protocols for the practice and should support development of a system of care that properly uses the critical information obtained to make the most positive impact in patient care.

This is an area where EMS truly makes a documented, lasting impact in quality care and where EMS development is driving the healthcare system as a whole. Make sure your service and your practice is a part of it. Do the best by your patients and communities. Save more lives. Help more people get better.

If you have questions, I offer myself for any information you may need. My e-mail is proems1(at)yahoo(dot)com.

Posted by on April 23, 2012 • Filed under: Administration & Leadership, change, Command & Leadership, EKG, Emergency Medical Services, EMS, ems 2.0, EMS system, EMS Topics, new perspective, Paramedic, Patient Assessment, patient care, Patient Management, Scope of Practice, STEMI, Technology & Communications, Uncategorized

Changing Cardiac Care – Being Suspicious

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Want another reason to lug the EKG machine out of the ambulance on your next call? A study recently published in the Journal of the American Medical Association and reported on by many national news outlets has found some information that may change EMS care.

From CBSnews.com:

“The study looked at 1.4 million patients who had experienced a heart attack between 1994 and 2006 to investigate the relationship between age and gender and heart attacks, specifically symptoms and death rates. Data revealed that 14.6 percent of women hospitalized with a heart attack died, compared with 10.3 percent of men.

Women were also much more likely to have a heart attack without any chest pain – 42 percent, compared with 30.7 percent of men.”

http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-57382624-10391704/heart-attacks-in-women-greater-death-risk-fewer-feel-chest-pain/

Think about how the media represents heart attack symptoms to the public and about how we educate the public to recognize heart attack symptoms. Think about how even our EMS training has prepared us to recognize the signs and symptoms of a heart attack. We all pretty much look for the same thing, chest pain or pressure with radiation down the left arm. However, this study shows that a staggering 42% of women don’t have that symptom and that 30.7% of men don’t either. It tells us that nearly half of the patients who have this deadly condition don’t present with the symptoms we’re classically trained to recognize.

The study’s other finding that more men than women who had myocardial infarctions died after having the condition help illustrate another point: When looking for heart attacks, we all tend to assess everyone like they’re a 45 year-old white male. It is important to remember that age, gender, ethnicity, and culture play a role in how symptoms present. Comorbid conditions such as diabetes can change the way a heart attack presents as well.

This study helps confirm what we pretty much all know, that no two heart attacks are alike. When the heart doesn’t get blood flow to a part of it, it doesn’t work well, and it sends signals to our bodies that we may misinterpret. The classic “Chest Pain” symptom of a heart attack may well present as Jaw Pain, arm pain, weakness, diaphoresis, back or abdominal pain, or even making the patient feel like they have to burp. Unexplained fatigue with exertion, the inability to lie flat, or even dizziness and/or fainting may point to a heart attack.

EMS plays an extremely important role in cardiac care. It could be one of the biggest areas where the appropriate field assessment, working diagnosis, treatment, and transport decisions made by EMS improve the quality of life for the population as a whole. The proper assessment and working diagnosis by EMS can set the patient on the proper path through the healthcare system and make a huge difference in their quality of life.

What does this mean for your care today? It means that should you suspect that a patient has a possibility of having cardiac ischemia or is otherwise presenting with a cluster of symptoms you can’t pin down you should try to perform a 12-lead EKG with your first set of vital signs. While delaying treatment to perform a 12-lead is not anyone’s goal, emerging evidence is suggesting that significant ST elevation can normalize within as little as 4 minutes of common EMS care, including just the placement of a patient on oxygen. If we capture a symptomatic 12-lead at the point where the patient’s symptoms are most acute we can properly make the diagnosis and save the patient precious minutes, hours, and days of diagnostics to pin down the cause. Serial 12-leads, taking multiple 12-lead EKGs at various time intervals can prove beneficial as well. Remember that one 12-lead is a reference, two are a trend.

Gathering the best information we can on all patients in order to help guide their treatment through the healthcare system is one of the most powerful benefits of EMS care. Let’s help all of our patients get the care they need.

Posted by on February 24, 2012 • Filed under: EKG, Emergency Medical Services, EMS, ems education, EMS system, EMS Topics, EMS training, News, Paramedic, paramedic education, Uncategorized

EMS 12-lead Case – Ischemia and Failure

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If you haven’t been to www.EMS12Lead.com, Tom Bouthillet’s wonderful EMS educational blog… well then I’m going to just come out and say this:

What are you doing here when you should be over there reading his stuff??

Considering how Tom dwarfs my humble traffic numbers (which is something I always kind of knew he did, but didn’t really know how much until I had a few drinks with him at EMS Today and weaseled his numbers out of him) I’ve figured that I’m going to have to do something. I’m going to straight up steal his shtick and write an “educational” EMS 12-lead EKG post of my very own for your reading enjoyment and educational purposes. Heck, I might even be able to make a point or two. Let’s find out.

I keep an archive of interesting tidbits from my EMS career locked up in a vault in my basement and among the oddities and whatnot I have a binder full of 12-leads. I blew the dust off of the old tome and pulled the EKG that I’m using for this story out of the archives. Oh my, this was a doozy. As always with my stories about patients, I may not have ran this one myself and even if I did, I don’t remember where it was that I ran it nor do I remember the age, location, or even the gender of the patient in question. I also have taken the liberty of lying about all of that stuff just to make it even more confusing and difficult for me to write. So, if you think I’m violating the female Hippo, you’re mistaken.

As I recall, the call was toned out with the dispatch information of a “64yo M Pt unable to breathe”. It wasn’t a long distance away and Our Intrepid Paramedic (OIP) responded in a response vehicle being followed up by an ambulance which arrived shortly after He did. It was a nice, well kept residence and the wife of the Pt let OIP in the door as he entered the home. She indicated that the Pt was in a back bedroom of the house and motioned down the hallway. OIP made the trek and found the Pt sitting upright on his bed, Conscious, Alert, and Oriented times 3 (CAOx3) with somewhat increased work of breathing. The patient stated that he had been experiencing pain that he indicated began at the level of his mandible and continued to his epigastrum (his Jaw to his Gut). He stated that the pain had simply become too much for him this evening and that it became very hard to breathe when he laid down for bed. A good look at him was all it really took for OIP to make a working diagnosis after feeling the patent’s weak and irregular radial pulse and pale, cool, and moist skin. OIP placed the patient on 6-LPM oxygen via Nasal Cannula and told the ambulance medic to break out a 12-lead. The initial rhythm strip showed a sinus bradycardia with an IVCD and lots of multifocal ectopy, including multifocal couplets and triplets. The 12-lead was no better. It showed bad, bad mojo. This poor guy was sick.

EEEEEEEeeeeeeeeeeeek

As the ambulance crew was packaging up on the stretcher to take the Patient to the ambulance, OIP had a few moments to speak with the patient’s wife. She told OIP that the patient had been experiencing pain in his jaw for the last week. She also told OIP that the patient had gone to see his Primary Care physician two days prior and had been told to take advil for the pain in his jaw. She told OIP about how the patient had been very lethargic lately and about how he would become winded when taking out the garbage and walking even shorter distances. She told OIP about how the pain had been getting steadily worse… and also how the doctor said he was fine.

And with a symptom profile of exertional fatigue, difficult breathing, jaw pain,  substernal chest pain, and diaphoresis… what doctor wouldn’t say that… right? Oh wait… hopefully most of them.

The patient wasn’t having a heart attack… he had been having a heart attack for days and now the damage had been done. This was a clear case of the patient not being educated to the symptoms of a heart attack… or of ignoring them in the hopes that they’d just go away. The physician did not obtain a 12-lead nor do lab work and did not diagnose the problem as being cardiac ischemia (Heart attack) when the patient presented for care.

But OIP did… about 2 minutes after meeting the patient he woke up the cardiologist and the cath lab team at a hospital a half-hour’s drive away to help take care of the man. You’ve seen the 12-lead above. It indicates a heart that is in serious trouble. The patient was treated per protocol, which included high-flow o2, bilateral IVs, NTG tablets and paste, and I’m not sure what else the ambulance paramedic did because OIP didn’t accompany the patient to the hospital. That,  and it was too long ago for me to remember what happened… I just know the patient made it there alive to find out whatever his prognosis was going to be from the cardiology team at the ER.

Here’s the deal, once this patient called the ambulance, his care was stellar. OIP and the other EMTs did a fantastic job at rapid recognition, appropriate stabilizing care, and swift transport to an appropriate care facility as none of the local hospitals had the capacity to care for this guy. The EMS people did what they were trained, equipped, and supposed to do. The problem is they were called way too late to make much of a difference in the patient’s continuing quality of life.

I can understand that patients don’t necessarily know when they’re having a heart attack. To a layperson, jaw pain and fatigue could just be the flu. Chest pain could just be heartburn, and exertional dyspnea could just mean that a person has been “pushing themselves too hard lately”. All of those symptom profiles could mean any number of things… but they could also be a heart attack. I can understand how people want to think that they’re not having a heart attack. I get that no one wants to have one. They’re not fun and we as a society may hype them up too much so that people think there is a stigma to the diagnosis. I don’t know if that statement is true, but it sure seems that way sometimes to me.

What I can’t understand is how a patient can present for treatment at a physician’s office with clear symptoms of cardiac ischemia (heart attack) and not be checked for it. I’d like to think that a paramedic would rule it out first and foremost… and I don’t understand why someone wouldn’t.

Then again, I don’t know the information the physician was working with. Perhaps the patient wasn’t honest with his symptoms and tried to minimize what was going on. That’s possible too, as this patient was a proud man who has lived his life like he could handle anything. People do that. Nobody wants to be sick.

The lesson here is to have a high index of suspicion. Patients sometimes minimize their symptoms, and sometimes they over-dramatize them. Some people don’t want to be sick… and some people want to be sicker than they are. I personally will buy into false drama from someone who’s not as sick as they want to be than chance missing the minimized symptoms of someone who’s sicker. I tell my patients that as a paramedic my job is to “Treat for the Worst, and hope for the best.”

But for this guy, OIP never got the chance. This was too late for that. The damage had been done.

This patient’s quality of life was greatly impacted by the fact that he didn’t call 911 at the first signs of his illness. Had he done so, his prognosis would be much different. A quick exam, 12-lead, and appropriate care would have made this guy’s story quite a bit different. Where was the failure? Was it the patient’s fault for not recognizing and/or minimizing his symptoms? Was it the fault of “health education” in general for not reaching the patient in a manner in which he could understand? Does the fault lie with OIP for not spending enough time educating the public about the symptoms and danger of heart attacks? Does the fault lie with this patient’s doctor for missing the diagnosis and/or not providing proper education beforehand?

I don’t know the answer to the above question either. I just know that OIP and the EMS team treated him well once the call came in. I just wish that something different would have happened in the chance of events that lead up to all of this. It would have made the above 12-lead a lot different.

Be vigilant out there.

Posted by on March 15, 2011 • Filed under: EKG, Emergency Medical Services, EMS, EMS Topics, EMS training, Paramedic, paramedic education, patient care, Patient Management, physician, Uncategorized

Are We the Gatekeepers to the Emergency Healthcare System? – EMS 2.0

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Did I do good?

The Chronicles of EMS, if you’re living under a rock and you haven’t heard, is a cooperative effort between the Great Filmmaker Thaddeus Setla (EMSmedia.tv), the Remarkably Strong Paramedic Mark Glencourse (Medic999), and the “Ruggedly Handsome” firefighter/paramedic Justin Schorr (The Happy Medic). Their cooperative venture has taught me things that I’ve put to use in my own EMS practice that I believe have improved my care. Mark showed me the UK’s “Front Loaded” model and Justin has been talking about EMS providers being a gatekeeper to the emergency healthcare system. It’s a powerful collaboration. (Be sure to follow #CoEMS on twitter and become a fan of Chronicles of EMS on Facebook as well)

So here’s an example of what I mean. I can talk about this now because it’s been long enough that I can sufficiently muddle any possible trace back to the patient and fulfill any patient confidentiality concerns. I work in two very diverse service areas and cover approximately 35 different skilled nursing facilities at any one time. So in the time since the Chronicles of EMS has come out I’ve transported umpteen-hundred patients from those facilities and the patient I’m writing about could be any of those umpteen hundred. So there’s no way to violate confidentiality, Mmmm ‘Kay? 

Anyway, some time ago I was dispatched as the ALS response to backup a BLS ambulance for the “unresponsive” patient at a skilled nursing facility. I arrived a few seconds after the ambulance did and carried my drug bag and EKG/Defib into the facility with the ambulance crew following close behind with their jump kit, the cot, and a backboard. After a few seconds in the facility, a staff member directed me to the Physical Therapy area of the facility which was a bit of a walk. When I got there, I saw three other staff members huddled around an elderly female patient who was seated in a reclining chair.

The staff members were fairly excited about the situation, as was the patient, who was very much conscious and alert. The story everyone told me at once was that the patient had finished her physical therapy session on her upper body to strengthen her shoulders and had been sat in the chair by the PT Assistant to rest. After a few minutes, the PT asst. came to check on the patient and found her unresponsive to verbal stimuli, by which I mean that the patient would not awake when spoken to. The PT asst. called the facility’s emergency response team and another staff member activated 911. When one of the nurses arrived, the patient awoke to a sternal rub and was quite surprised to be the subject of so much attention. She had been fully alert and cognitive since that time and when I asked her she denied any chief complaint other than being understandably emotional about the situation.

As I do with every patient after I rule out any immediate life threats I moved into a more detailed assessment. My lady here had skin that was Pink, Warm, and dry. Her pupils were PERRL and her Cincinatti Pre-hospital stroke scale was negative. Her Lungs were clear, her abdomen was soft and non-tender with normoactive bowel sounds, and her extremities were warm and had good pulses, motor, and sensation. Her blood glucose was well within limits, and so were all of her vital signs. All of my other assessment findings were not indicative of any acute abnormalities other than a complaint of slight shoulder pain and weakness which could have been indicative of either an acute MI or of a rigorous PT session. So, to be even more thorough, I hooked her up to my 5-lead EKG which showed normal sinus rhythm with some peaked T-waves. I then ran a 12-lead EKG which was admittedly probably better than mine is.

I asked the nurse “Has she had a potassium level drawn recently?” She looked through the patient’s chart and found out that the patient in fact had been tested for that two days prior and had been found to have a slightly elevated serum potassium level. Since they had been active witnesses to my assessment we agreed that other than for perhaps a bit too much potassium there was little chance of anything being wrong with the patient.

Since we were here in the US and not in the UK like Mark, where he can treat and release (or “Respond, not Convey”) I asked the patient if she wanted us to take her to the hospital. She didn’t want to go and said that she just wanted to go back to bed. When the staff members weren’t completely convinced that we shouldn’t transport her, I suggested that they call the patient’s primary care physician to ask him what his wishes were. The nurse did so, and called from her cell phone in front of us. She did a good job of explaining in detail the events of the call and our collective assessment findings, I provided my interpretation of the 12-lead EKG and chimed in with my assessment findings that I use in my acute care practice.

For his part, the doctor was amenable to treating the patient at the facility and stated that he was comfortable with us not transporting the patient. He ordered a few stat labs and requested that we leave a copy of the 12-lead for the patient’s chart, which I was happy to do. Bottom line: The patient signed a refusal and was happy not to have to go to the hospital; The skilled-nursing-facility staff members were happy that the patient was in no immediate danger; and I was happy that we had made the best possible decision for the patient and that I wasn’t exposing her to unnecessary risk.

What happened here is exactly one of the things that I and others have been talking about with the EMS 2.0 movement: EMS people having the ability to make an educated and sound decision about the best possible healthcare options for our patients and not simply having to activate the full emergency healthcare system for every complaint. This case had every element of that and I believe that the patient being redirected through her normal primary healthcare pathway was a much better choice than taking her to the emergency room.

Heck, since there turned out to be no adverse results to this, and since the patient was probably on Medicare, I would surmise that I’ve ended up saving the taxpayers thousands of dollars in unneccesary costs… Huh? Can educating and empowering paramedics “save” the healthcare system in the US by creating a huge savings in the most expensive form of providing healthcare?

What do you think? Did I do good?

QGE5GE5AAH4W

Posted by on January 21, 2010 • Filed under: change, edemse, EKG, Emergency Medical Services, EMS, ems 2.0, ems education, EMS ethics, EMS Topics, Ethics, everyday ems ethics, medical ethics, new perspective, patient care, Patient Management, physician, politics, potential, Skilled Nursing Facility, US economy

Advances in Resuscitation – CCR If you’re not doing it now, you will be

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Visitors to my old blog probably know that at my ambulance service we tend to bring back a lot of codes. I talk about it a lot. Back in 2004 our medical director, Dr. Michael Kellum, got us involved in a “Demonstration Project” to bring Continuous Compression CPR or Cardiocerebral resuscitation to a rural area. Since that time, the results have been more than dramatic. Depending on what statistics you look at, we may be “Saving” almost 50% of witnessed arrests found to be in ventricular fibrillation.

It’s all explained at Http://www.callandpump.org But if you want to go right to the whitepaper that explains what we do, why we do it, and how it’s done then you want to go here: http://callandpump.org/assets/Proposal_Current.pdf – This link is explains the demonstration project initiated by Dr. Kellum et al. in the two county area that I work in. This paper was published in 2004 at the beginning of the project.

This is a link to the results published in the Annals of Emergenc Medicine in 2008 – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18374452?ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum 

You may be interested in this part:

“RESULTS: In the 3 years preceding the change in protocol, there were 92 witnessed arrests with an initially shockable rhythm. Eighteen patients survived (20%) and 14 (15%) were neurologically intact. During the 3 years after implementation of the new protocol, there were 89 such patients. Forty-two (47%) survived and 35 (39%) were neurologically intact. CONCLUSION: In adult patients with a witnessed cardiac arrest and an initially shockable rhythm, implementation of an out-of-hospital treatment protocol based on the principles of cardiocerebral resuscitation was associated with a dramatic improvement in neurologically intact survival.”

This is good stuff. Remember, the above is only reflective of those included in the study, who are “Witnessed arrest(s) with an initially shockable rhythm”. Anecdotally, I’ve personally attended those that were not in a shockable rhythm and witnessed greater effectiveness as well.

Here’s the short version of our protocols for Witnessed V-Fib Arrest: (and for those of you who want more, email me at: proems1@yahoo.com and I will be happy to send you a copy of the protocols)

We follow an acronym called MCMAID in our resuscitation protocols, it stands for:

Metronome – We carry a metronome in our monitor/defibrillator bags that clicks out at 100 beats per minute. We are to compress at 100bpm. No more, no less. This metronome keeps us on rhythm and reminds us to be on the chest.

Compressions – 100 compressions per minute. Do not stop. Initially, we are to administer 200 compressions (2 minutes) before our first shock. We are to limit any interruptions in compressions absolutely as much as possible, charging our defibrillators while compressions are ongoing, and recognizing V-fib through the compressions if possible. Compress hard and deep, completely releasing tension on the chest upon recoil to maximize the compression and decompression of the chest.

Monitor – Place the monitor on the patient using fast patches. Do not stop the 200 compression cycles to determine the rhythm. Shock at max joules biphasic. If you can anticipate V-Fib, charge the defib during the compressions and only stop long enough to clear for the shock. Don’t check the pulse, get right back to compressions.

Airway – Initially, a BLS airway will be placed in the patient and a non-rebreather oxygen mask will be placed on the patient. If the airway must be controlled by more advanced means to protect and ensure a patent airway, now is the time to do so.

Intravenous Access – Most of the time, this is accomplished through the means of the Ez-IO drill that we carry and love. (See: Alternative Circulatory Access Strategies – Hi Ho IO) This can also be obtained through peripheral or EJ IV access.

Drugs – Epinephrine 1:10,000 1mg IVasopression 40 IU, Amiodarone 300mg, then Epinephrine 1:10,000 1mg q 3-5min. If refractory, we may give an additional 150mg Amiodarone IV.

To see the full MCMAID protocol (I put it up in a post) you can see it by clicking here.

Today Dr. Kellum came down again for our monthly training and let us know the latest breakthroughs and orders in the project. He is stressing the importance of End-Tidal CO2 (ETCO2) monitoring and states that no pulse check is necessary without a spontaneous increase in ETCO2. He expects every intubated (or combitubed) patient to have ETCO2 monitoring in place.

He also expects that we will monitor ETCO2 readings as a way to prove effectiveness of compressions. Rescuers who cannot get ETCO2 readings consistent with other personnel when providing compressions shouldn’t be doing compressions.

Rescuers should switch off compressions EVERY ONE MINUTE whenever possible. This is providing some fantastic results in preliminary trials.

He also stated that the effectiveness of the CCR protocols are showing a marked increase in refractory V-fib. He hinted that the protocols might soon show a need for thrombolytic use in treatment of refractory V-Fib.

Stay tuned folks, I am happy as heck to be included in this. I will bring updates, with permission, as many times as I get them.

Posted by on October 17, 2009 • Filed under: CCC, CCR, cpr, cpr save, DNR, Do Not Resuscitate Order, EKG, Emergency Medical Services, EMS, ems 2.0, ems education, EMS practice, EMS protocols, EMS Topics, EMS training, ET Intubation, ez-io, intraosseous, IO, IV, new perspective, Paramedic, paramedic education, patient care, Patient Management, save, SMG, SMO, southern wisconsin, STEMI, technology-communications-ems-topics, Training & Development • Tagged: , , , ,

Dextrocardia?

1 comment

I took care of a patient today. Poor kid, he had a lot of congenital issues and was noncommunicative and deformed. He was completely bedridden and needed constant care. Poor kid.

In treating the condition that he had I put him on an EKG and much to my surprise I saw ST elevation in leads II, III, and AVF.

“Huh?” I said to myself, “this kid is 15. He shouldn’t be having ischemia”

So I did a 12-lead. The ST depression that I saw on the monitor disappeared, but the lifepack 12 print out gave a diagnosis of “Abnormal EKG, Dextrocardia”

The EMT-B that was riding with me to get experience wanted to look at the EKG and I showed it to him. He asked me what “Dextrocardia” was. I told him exactly what it was… um, it is something that I think that I must have learned about in school but forgot about a long time ago. That’s what it is.

So HERE is the Wikipedia link to a search on “Dextrocardia”. Apparently it isn’t what I thought it was which was something to do with dextrose in the heart or something like that. It’s a congenital defect where the heart grows over on the right side of the chest cavity instead of the right. In some cases, it’s a mirror image on the right side, in others; it’s not a mirror image.

I don’t know, just read the article. According to Wikipedia it only happens in one in 12,019 people, which means that if we have around 30000 people in this district that there are two of them that have dextrocardia. I met one of them today I guess.

Posted by on April 21, 2009 • Filed under: Ambulance, dextrocardia, EKG, Paramedic, pediatric cardiology

Oh no you didn’t…

12 comments

Really? Did you just?? Oh come on now… you don’t really think??

Seriously…

Did you really just call me an “Ambulance Driver”?

An Ambulance Driver? Oh come on… Four years of college level classes, hundreds upon hundreds of hours of continuing educations, a veritable alphabet soup of certification acronyms behind my name, and this nifty Star of Life disco ball patch on my arm and you STILL just called me an Ambulance Driver? Really? Oh come now, do you know that calling me an ambulance driver is like calling a High School Teacher a “Nanny”, or calling a Police Officer a “Police Car Driver” or calling a Nurse a “Bedpan Jockey”, or calling a Firefighter a “Fire Truck Driver”, or calling a scientist a “Microscope Looker-Inner” or calling a Congressman a “Pork spewing bloviator” (I could go on, but I won’t… although that last one might be right)

EMS is an acronym for “Emergency Medical Services”. EMT stands for “Emergency Medical Technician”. Nationally, there are three levels of EMS professionals. Each level signifies to the public that the person holding the Title and the requisite license or certification has met stringent educational and training standards that allow them to take care of people. These levels are EMT-Basic, EMT-Intermediate, and EMT-Paramedic. Some of the states have expanded on this by offering additional levels of certifications between the levels, such as the EMT-IV Tech in Wisconsin (an EMT-Basic that can start IVs and give some limited IV meds), or the EMT-Paramedic Specialist in Iowa that is above the NREMT-P a bit but still below their Critical Care paramedic.

A paramedic these days has a college level education, takes over 1000 hours of didactic (classroom) time and can spend anywhere from 6 months to a year in clinical rotations. We can poke, prod, cut, inject, bandage, stabilize, evacuate, and care for you sixteen ways from Sunday. In my ambulance I carry 48 different emergency medications that I have to know how to use REALLY well or I can kill you. (I do know how to use them really well, trust me, so do my peers). I can intubate your trachea so you can breathe, reinflate your collapsed lung with a needle, surgically open your airway if I need to in order to save your life, and do a whole host of other things that you wish that you never ever need. My ambulance is a critical care unit on wheels that can be at your curbside in under 8minutes flat twenty four hours a day seven days a week. Today’s ambulances bring the emergency room right to you and begin advanced medical care right away. This care saves lives and improves your medical outcome greatly for a whole host of medical complaints.

And you, Joe public, still call me an “Ambulance Driver”. Which, if you hadn’t noticed, somehow irks me a bit.

Unfortunately for me, and for the members of my profession, it’s not your fault that you call me that, dear Joe Public. It’s my fault. It’s the fault of each and every EMS professional out there that you know so little about our profession and our industry that you resort to calling us that detestable term. It is our responsibility to get the word out. It is our responsibility to educate you about our life saving services, and our responsibility to let you know just how and when to use us properly. If we don’t do it, and therefore let the responsibility fall to others, we EMS people aren’t going to be happy with the job they do. We’re not going to be happy with the popular representations of paramedics in the popular media. We’re not going to be happy with the results of our public health education campaigns.

The American Heart Association has recently released a campaign entitled “Mission: Lifeline”. It’s a marketing campaign aimed at increasing public awareness of heart attack symptoms so that Joe Public calls us first when they start having the big one. If you’ve been reading this, you know that my all time biggest pet-peeve is when the people having conditions where they need us and need us now but aren’t dramatic like a car accident or cardiac arrest don’t call us. I can’t make a direct quote, but I read a study once where like 60% of people call a friend or family member first when they think they’re having symptoms of a heart attack. Calling EMS for these 60% or so of potential patients whose lives may very well depend on the early interventions we can provide them seems to be an afterthought. I can’t tell you how many people I’ve transported from small hospitals to big hospitals that were having the big one and DROVE THEMSELVES INTO THE ER without calling us.

Please, Joe Public, know that the VERY FIRST CALL you should make when you have pains in your chest is 911. Do NOT hesitate. Do NOT worry about the cost. JUST CALL US!! Do you know that approximately 1% of cardiac muscle tissue DIES AND CANNOT BE SAVED per MINUTE in a bad heart attack (myocardial infarction)? The difference is simple. You call 911 and usually (depending on where you are located) an ambulance arrives within 10minutes and starts lifesaving interventions and gives you medications to help slow or stop the damage in progress and salvage heart tissue that is being damaged. Please remember that “Time is Muscle” and that the extra expense of an ambulance is more than covered by the quality of life that we’re keeping for you. Really. Please call. Don’t wait. You can call your family AFTER you call 911. Please, I’m begging.

I’m also telling you EMS people out there to get the word out. Go market yourselves! If you want people to know what we do, it is YOUR PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY to tell them. Go, do it now. If you want my help to write something, e-mail me and I’ll help. For free even. It’s that important.

Ambulance driver….. Seriously.

Posted by on March 31, 2009 • Filed under: AHA, Ambulance, Ambulance Driver, American Heart Association, ckemtp rants, Command & Leadership, edemse, EKG, Emergency Medical Services, EMS, ems 2.0, EMS ethics, EMS Humor, EMS Management, EMS rant, EMS Topics, EMT, Ethics, everyday ems ethics, funny, grumblemedics, inside the mind of a paramedic, Mission Lifeline, new perspective, Paramedic, Public relations, rant, STEMI, technology-communications-ems-topics
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